Introduction

This journal is committed to upholding high publication ethics standards in the process of scholarly article publication. The ethical guidelines are based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) to ensure integrity, honesty, and scientific quality in every published work. These ethics apply to authors, editors, reviewers, and the publisher.

Author Responsibilities

1. Originality
   Authors must submit original works that have not been published elsewhere and are not under consideration by another journal.

2. Plagiarism
   Authors must not engage in any form of plagiarism. All citations and references must be properly acknowledged.

3. Data Accuracy
   Authors must present data truthfully without manipulation. All data and research methods should be verifiable.

4. Multiple Submission
   Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal simultaneously is prohibited.

5. Authorship
   Only individuals who have made significant contributions qualify as authors. The corresponding author must ensure agreement from all listed authors.

6. Conflicts of Interest
   Authors must disclose any potential conflicts of interest.

7. Manuscript Revision
   Authors must respond to reviewer comments professionally and revise the manuscript as required.

Peer Reviewer Responsibilities

1. Objectivity
   Reviewers must evaluate manuscripts objectively and fairly.

2. Confidentiality
   All manuscript information must be treated as confidential and not shared with others.

3. Conflict of Interest
   Reviewers must decline to review if they have conflicts of interest with the authors or affiliated institutions.

4. Timeliness
   Reviewers should complete their reviews within the assigned timeframe.

5. Constructive Feedback
   Reviewers must provide clear, relevant, and respectful comments to improve the manuscript.

Editorial Responsibilities

1. Publication Decisions
   Editors are responsible for deciding whether a manuscript is suitable for publication based on its scientific merit and reviewer feedback.

2. Fair Evaluation
   Editors must evaluate manuscripts without discrimination based on ethnicity, religion, gender, nationality, or author affiliation.

3. Confidentiality
   Editors must maintain confidentiality of all submitted manuscripts.

4. Conflict of Interest
   Editors must not handle manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest.

5. Integrity of the Review Process
   Editors ensure that the peer-review process is fair, objective, and ethically conducted.

Publisher Responsibilities

1. Ethical Compliance
   The publisher ensures that all parties involved comply with established publication ethics.

2. Quality Control
   The publisher supports editors in maintaining academic quality and integrity.

3. Handling Ethical Violations
   If ethical misconduct is identified—such as plagiarism, data fabrication, or conflicts of interest—the publisher may take actions including:

   • reassessment,

   • manuscript withdrawal,

   • article retraction,

   • or other corrective measures.

Handling Publication Misconduct

If ethical violations are reported, the journal will:

1. Conduct an internal investigation.

2. Contact the author for clarification.

3. Make decisions based on evidence, including:

   • article correction,

   • official clarification,

   • manuscript rejection,

   • or article retraction.